Open Access

Inflammatory mediator profile of hospitalised patients with COVID‑19 during the second wave of the pandemic: A comparative study

  • Authors:
    • Waseem Ud Din Ganai
    • Syed Suraiya Farooq
    • Mudasar Nabi
    • Bilal Ahmad Tantry
    • Altaf Bandy
    • Syed Quibtiya Khursheed
    • Naeem Firdous Dar
    • Shayaq Ul Abeer Rasool
    • Bader S. Alotaibi
    • Naveed Nazir Shah
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: June 28, 2024     https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.261
  • Article Number: 46
  • Copyright : © Ganai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].

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Abstract

Cough, fever and tiredness are upper respiratory symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19). The emergence of the Delta variant, a significantly mutated and highly transmissible form of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, initiated a fresh global wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The timely and accurate clinical outcome prediction is vital for improving the management of patients with COVID‑19 and identifying those who may be severely ill. In this retrospective observational study, a comparison of signs and symptoms and laboratory values was conducted between survivors and non-survivors of the second wave of COVID-19. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2‑positive cases between June, 2021 and January, 2022 were confirmed using reverse transcriptase‑polymerase chain reaction. Medical records were reviewed and collected until patient discharge/mortality. The levels of inflammatory biomarkers, symptoms and comorbidities of the patients were assessed. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0. Of the 200 patients with COVID‑19, 112 were male and 88 were female. Non-survivors outnumbered survivors, with the most common symptoms being sputum production, coughing, and hemoptysis (P≤0.01). Chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the most common co‑occurring conditions among the non‑survivors. On the day of admission, interleukin (IL)‑6 OR=1.003 (1.000‑1.007), C‑reactive protein OR=1.038 (1.016‑1.059) and lactate dehydrogenase OR=1.004 (1.001‑1.006) levels were measured; however, the most significant predictor of morality were the D‑dimer levels OR=1.016 (1.002‑1.059). Serum ferritin and D‑dimer levels were considerably higher in non‑survivors than in survivors, while IL‑6, C‑reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels were significantly higher in survivors at the time of admission. On day 3 of admission, serum ferritin, D‑dimer, and IL‑6 levels were higher in non‑survivors than in the survivors of COVID‑19. The following factors continued to be significant predictors of mortality among COVID‑19 patients with binary logistic regression: Age, sputum, haemoptysis, cough and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Logistic regression analysis revealed that chronic kidney disease was not statistically significant. Understanding the variations in inflammatory profiles is crucial for devising personalized treatment strategies and improving clinical outcomes in the ongoing battle against COVID‑19.
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Spandidos Publications style
Ganai WU, Farooq SS, Nabi M, Tantry BA, Bandy A, Khursheed SQ, Dar NF, Rasool SU, Alotaibi BS, Shah NN, Shah NN, et al: Inflammatory mediator profile of hospitalised patients with COVID‑19 during the second wave of the pandemic: A comparative study. World Acad Sci J 6: 46, 2024.
APA
Ganai, W.U., Farooq, S.S., Nabi, M., Tantry, B.A., Bandy, A., Khursheed, S.Q. ... Shah, N.N. (2024). Inflammatory mediator profile of hospitalised patients with COVID‑19 during the second wave of the pandemic: A comparative study. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 6, 46. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.261
MLA
Ganai, W. U., Farooq, S. S., Nabi, M., Tantry, B. A., Bandy, A., Khursheed, S. Q., Dar, N. F., Rasool, S. U., Alotaibi, B. S., Shah, N. N."Inflammatory mediator profile of hospitalised patients with COVID‑19 during the second wave of the pandemic: A comparative study". World Academy of Sciences Journal 6.5 (2024): 46.
Chicago
Ganai, W. U., Farooq, S. S., Nabi, M., Tantry, B. A., Bandy, A., Khursheed, S. Q., Dar, N. F., Rasool, S. U., Alotaibi, B. S., Shah, N. N."Inflammatory mediator profile of hospitalised patients with COVID‑19 during the second wave of the pandemic: A comparative study". World Academy of Sciences Journal 6, no. 5 (2024): 46. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.261